New York Safe Boating Training Manual

CHAPTER 5: Safe Boat Operation

5.1 OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

Ultimately, the boat operator is responsible for the safety and activity of all passengers. Additionally, the boat operator must respect other boaters and property. Before casting off, the operator should:

• Complete a pre-departure checklist to avoid emergencies later
• Ensure the vessel is cared for, is in good working order, and is seaworthy
• Ensure all passengers are properly seated and comfortable with the safety equipment and procedures in case of emergency
• File a float plan, particularly for lengthy trips or those in unfamiliar waters
• Check local hazards
• Check local weather forecast and conditions

5.1.2 NO WAKE

"No wake" is defined as "The slowest possible speed required in order to maintain steerage and headway." It is unlawful to create dangerous wakes, and the boat operator is responsible for personal injury or damage caused by his/her dangerous wakes.

In New York State, vessel speed is generally limited to 5 mph when within 100 feet of following:

• The shoreline, or,
• A dock, pier, raft, float, or,
• An anchored vessel.

On certain specific bodies of water the 5 mph limit has been extended to 200 feet, and there may also be a 45 mph daytime and 25 mph nighttime speed limit. Local ordinances may further regulate the speed of boats operated within specific areas. Check with authorities regarding local regulations.

 

5.1.3 COURTESY

Other boaters and property owners wish to enjoy the water as well. As a courtesy to other boaters, swimmers and property owners, be sure to monitor your wake, noise level and boat speed around other boats and shoreline properties. You are responsible for any damage caused by your wake. Be sure to take the time to review proper safety and operation procedures if you let someone else operate your boat. Be particularly mindful of your boat noise in the early morning and late evening. Leave the water as you found it: clean up any waste you encounter and be sure to collect any of your own waste in a garbage bag and dispose of it properly once you get to shore.

5.1.4 SLACKEN SPEED

When no speed limit is posted vessels must always be operated in such a fashion so as not to endanger others. A vessel must be able to stop safely within the clear space ahead of it. A vessel operator is always responsible for any damage caused by the vessels wake. Prudent judgment requires operators to reduce speed when passing marinas, fishing vessels, work boats or other similar areas.

When encountering marine regattas or parades, always transit with an escort vessel. Should no escort vessel be provided, vessels should only proceed at a safe, no wake speed, as far away from the regatta as safely possible.

To determine a 'safe speed' for your boat, take into account the following factors:

• The visibility conditions (fog, mist, rain, darkness).
• The wind, water conditions and currents.
• Traffic density, type of vessels in the area and their proximity.
• Vessel responsiveness (larger, more powerful boats require a larger turning radius and have a higher top-end speed which requires more time and distance to stop).
• The proximity of any navigational hazards.
• Watch your wake! When operating a boat near other boats or when entering a congested area, also may cause personal injury or damage.
• Operators may be liable for damage caused by their wake.

Lastly, your wake can cause damage to property and other vessels. Always take into account the effects your wake might create when adjusting your speed.

TRAVELLING AT A SAFE SPEED IS IMPORTANT, YOUR VESSEL'S WAKE CAN CAUSE PERSONAL INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE.

 

 

5.1.5 MUFFLERS AND NOISE LEVELS

The state of New York has established maximum noise levels for recreational boats. In addition to the prohibition against muffler "cut-out" systems, the law stipulates that vessel noise not exceed either ninety (90) decibels when subject to a stationary test or seventy-five (75) decibels when tested while moving.

It is illegal to manufacture or sell a vessel that does not meet the above specifications. It is also against the law to remove, alter, or modify a muffling system in any manner which will cause the vessel to operate in violation of the above noted standards.

5.1.6 UNSAFE PRACTICES

THE FOLLOWING ACTS AND MANEUVERS ARE CONSIDERED DANGEROUS AND ILLEGAL WHILE BOATING IN NEW YORK:

• Careless Operation. It is illegal to operate a vessel in a manner that endangers the ability to conserve the safety, rights or property of others. The following are a few examples:
• Endangering others or their property, by allowing the wake of your vessel to potentially harm another or their property.
• Jumping the wake of a vessel unnecessarily close to another vessel.
• Failing to conform to boating signage such as posted speeds indicated restricted entry zones, diver or skier down flags, etc.

• Operating at an unsafe speed. Boaters must always operate their vessel at a safe speed as discussed earlier in this chapter as well as adhering to any indicated speed limitations.
• Failing to maintain adequate distance. Boaters must maintain the designated 'no wake' speed in the circumstances discussed above as well as keeping their distance from water skiers or vessels towing someone on another device.
• Exceeding maximum capacity. The recommended capacity indicated on the boats' capacity plate should not be exceeded.

• Not maintaining proper seating regulation aboard your vessel. In New York, it is unlawful to allow any person to ride or sit on the bow, gunwales, transom, or on the decking over the bow of the vessel while underway unless such a vessel is provided with adequate guards or railing to prevent falls overboard. Passengers or persons aboard a vessel may occupy these areas of the vessel to moor or anchor the vessel, to cast off, or for any other necessary purpose.
• Not maintaining a lookout. All operators are required to keep a constant lookout for other vessels and/or people in the water.
• Dangerous operation. Boaters must make sure that the vessel is being operated in such a manner that it's occupants or others sharing the water are not in any danger. If an officer observes that someone's safety may be endangered, the operator may be forced to head to the closest moorage. Examples of such operation could be: operating without all the required equipment, operating the vessel with more power than recommended, or operating a vessel with a fuel leak.

For safety reasons, it is recommended that boaters do not stop or anchor beneath bridges or in a channel.

 

5.1.7 LAW ENFORCEMENT IN NEW YORK

Several different law enforcement agencies enforce the Federal and State navigation laws. The U.S. Coast Guard patrols the joint jurisdictional waters while enforcing federal laws, your sheriff's department as well as the State Park Police, local, county and State Police, the Dept. of Environmental Conservation, along with local Harbormasters and Bay Constables work to ensure compliance with state and local laws upon the water. Violations or State and Federal statutes carry fines and/or imprisonment.

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS MAY TERMINATE A VOYAGE IF A HAZARDOUS CONDITION IS FOUND TO EXIST ABOARD A VESSEL. SUCH A CONDITION MAY BE:

• insufficient PFDs,
• an overloaded vessel,
• intoxicated operation, etc.

Law enforcement vessels may exhibit a blue flashing light. Should you see such a light, reduce speed, yield, and if necessary stop your vessel.

5.1.8 HOMELAND SECURITY MEASURES

Federal, state and local governments have enacted specific measures since the events of September 11, 2001, to help deter unlawful or dangerous operations on our nation's waterways. Homeland Security Measures violations can result in severe consequences. Please be aware of the following Homeland Security Measures, and act accordingly to keep our waterways safe and secure:

• Do not approach closer than 100 yards from all military, cruise-line, or commercial shipping vessels.
• Slow to "no wake" speed within 500 yards of any large U.S. Navy vessel
• Observe and avoid all security zones.
• Avoid areas with military, cruise-line, or petroleum facilities.

FOR INFORMATION in port areas, you can call 1-800-682-1796, visit http://www.uscg.mil/safeports/, or check with local authorities.

• Observe other restricted areas near dams, power plants, etc.
• Do not stop or anchor beneath bridges or in channels.
• Report any suspicious activity immediately to local authorities, the U.S. Coast Guard, or marine security personnel, or call the National Response Center's Terrorist Hotline at 1-800-424-8802.
• Do not approach or challenge those acting in a suspicious manner, and never confront the suspicious party.
• Ensure your boat is always locked and secured when unattended, and always take the boat keys with you.

5.2 INFLUENCE OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ON BOAT OPERATION

5.2.1 DRIVE SOBER

Because of the fatiguing effects of the sun, wind and the motion of the boat, one drink on board is like three on shore! This means if you are drinking at all, then you should not be operating a boat or PWC. Do not jeopardize your safety or the safety of other boaters or the passengers in your care. Your balance, vision, coordination and judgment are all affected adversely by the consumption of even one alcoholic drink. Coupled with environmental elements (sun, glare, wind, motion), alcohol can have very serious consequences on the water. Please be responsible when operating your boat. If you are operating a vessel, you should avoid alcohol consumption.

5.2.2 SERIOUS PENALTIES

No one may operate a vessel on the waters of New York State while impaired or intoxicated either through the consumption of alcohol or drugs. New York law prescribes heavy fines, imprisonment, and the suspension of operator privileges for violators. In New York, if you are stopped for suspicion of impaired operation and refuse to voluntarily submit to a breath test, your privilege to operate may be immediately suspended, pending a hearing. A person shall be considered under the influence of alcohol if the ratio of alcohol in the blood is 0.08 per cent or more.

Zero Tolerance under 21: If the operator is under 21 years of age and is caught drinking while operating a vessel, their operating privileges will be suspended or revoked.

5.3 CARBON MONOXIDE: PROTECT YOURSELF FROM THIS SILENT KILLER

Carbon monoxide can collect within, alongside or behind a boat in minutes and in a variety of ways.

5.3.1 AVOID THESE DEATH ZONES!

Do not swim near or under the back deck or swim platform. Carbon monoxide from exhaust pipes of inboard engines, outboard engines and generators build up inside and outside the boat in areas near exhaust vents. STAY AWAY from these exhaust vent areas and DO NOT swim in these areas when the motor or generator is operating.

On calm days, wait at least 15 minutes after the motor or generator has been shut off before entering these areas. NEVER enter an enclosed area under a swim platform where exhaust is vented, not even for a second. It only takes one or two breaths of the air in this "death chamber" for it to be fatal.

EXHAUST FUME DANGERS

Blockage of exhaust outlets can cause carbon monoxide to accumulate in the cabin and cockpit area—even when hatches, windows, portholes and doors are closed.

Exhaust from another vessel that is docked, beached, or anchored alongside your boat can emit poisonous carbon monoxide gas into the cabin and cockpit of your boat. Even with properly vented exhaust, your boat should be a minimum of 20 feet from the nearest boat that is running a generatoror engine.

Slow speeds or idling in the water can cause carbon monoxide gas to accumulate in the cabin, cockpit, bridge, and aft deck, even in an open area. A tailwind (force of wind entering from aft section of the motorboat) can also increase accumulation.

The "station wagon effect," or backdrafting, can cause carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the cabin, cockpit and bridge when the boat is operating at a high bow angle, with improper or heavy loading, or if there is an opening that draws in exhaust. This effect can also cause carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the cabin, cockpit, aft deck, and bridge when protective coverings are used and the boat is underway.

Teak surfing, dragging and water skiing within 20 feet of a moving watercraft can be fatal.

5.3.2 WHAT TO DO

• The best precaution against carbon monoxide poisoning is to keep air flowing through the vessel.
• Educate your passengers about carbon monoxide so they are aware of what the early poisoning signs are.
• If your boat has a rear-vented generator exhaust, check with the boat manufacturer for possible recall, or reroute the exhaust to a safe area.
• Assign an adult to watch when anyone is in the water.
• Schedule regular engine and exhaust system maintenance inspections by experienced and trained technicians.

• Keep forward-facing hatches open, even in inclement weather, to allow fresh air circulation in living spaces. When possible, run the boat so that prevailing winds will help dissipate the exhaust.

• Do not confuse carbon monoxide poisoning with seasickness, intoxication or heat stress.
• If someone aboard complains of irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness or dizziness, immediately move the person to fresh air, investigate the cause, and take corrective action. Seek medical attention, if necessary.
• Install a carbon monoxide detector in each accommodation space on your boat. Check detectors before each trip to be sure they are functioning properly. If the detector goes off, believe it!

5.3.3 FACTS ABOUT CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide is a potentially deadly gas produced any time a carbon-based fuel, such as gasoline, propane, charcoal or oil, burns. Sources on your boat include gasoline engines, generators, cooking ranges, and space and water heaters. Cold or poorly tuned engines produce more carbon monoxide than warm, properly tuned engines.

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, and it mixes evenly with the air. It enters your bloodstream through the lungs and displaces the oxygen your body needs. Early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning— irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness and dizziness—are often confused with seasickness or intoxication. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations or very short exposure to high concentrations can lead to death.

Each year, boaters are injured or killed by carbon monoxide. Most incidents occur on older boats and within the cabin or other enclosed areas. Exhaust leaks, the leading cause of death by carbon monoxide, can allow carbon monoxide to migrate throughout the boat and into enclosed areas. New areas of concern are the rear deck near the swim platform with the generator or engines running, and teak surfing or dragging behind a slow-moving boat. Regular maintenance and proper boat operation can reduce the risk of injury from carbon monoxide.

5.3.4 PREVENTION CHECKLISTS

ALL CARBON MONOXIDE POISONINGS ARE PREVENTABLE!

CHECKLIST: EACH TRIP

• Educate all passengers about carbon monoxide poisoning.
• Make sure all exhaust clamps are in place and secure.
• Look for exhaust leaking from exhaust system components, indicated by rust and/or black streaking, water leaks, or corroded or cracked fittings.
• Inspect rubber exhaust hoses for burned or cracked sections. All rubber hoses should be pliable and free of kinks.
• Confirm that water flows from the exhaust outlet when the engine and generator are started.
• Listen for any change in exhaust sound that could indicate an exhaust component failure.
• Test the operation of each carbon monoxide detector by pressing the test button. Make sure the battery is installed properly and is in good condition. Never remove the battery unless you are replacing it with a new battery.

CHECKLIST: AT LEAST ANNUALLY

• Replace exhaust hoses if you see any evidence of cracking, charring or deterioration.
• Inspect each water pump impeller and the water pump housing, and replace them if they are worn. Make sure cooling systems are in proper working condition to prevent overheating and possible burning of the exhaust system. (Refer to the engine and generator manuals for further information.)
• Inspect each of the metallic exhaust components for cracking, rusting, leaking or loosening. Pay particular attention to the cylinder head, exhaust manifold, water injection elbow, and threaded adapter nipple between the manifold and the elbow.
• Clean, inspect and confirm proper operation of the generator cooling water anti-siphon valve (if equipped).

THE ANNUAL CHECKLIST TEST MUST BE PERFORMED BY A QUALIFIED MARINE TECHNICIAN.

5.4 PROPELLER INTERVENTION AND AWARENESS

Rotating at great speeds and with a lot of power, the potential danger posed by boat engine propellers should not be overlooked. Each year hundreds of Americans accidentally come into contact with moving propeller blades. In 2006 alone, the US Coast Guard reported, 234 people struck by propellers with 28 fatalities.

Since the propeller is located below the waterline and may be difficult to see, it is important that people are at all times aware of the propeller. This is most important when in the water near the rear of a vessel or on the swim platform. As a precaution, operators should shut off the engine whenever a person is in the water within close proximity to their vessel.

Safety equipment is available and when used properly can significantly decrease the probability of a propeller strike. Common examples of equipment are:

• Propeller guards
• Ladder interlock kill switches
• Man over board cut-off switches
• Lanyard engine kill/stop switches

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY

AFTER READING CHAPTER 5, YOU SHOULD HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF:

• Operator responsibilities, and safe and unsafe practices on the water
• The influences of drugs and alcohol on boat operation
• The enforcement of the federal and state laws regarding boating

New York Safe Boating Training Manual