Tennessee Safe Boating Course
Chapter 3: Trip Planning and Preparation
3.1 Checking Local Weather and Water Conditions
3.1.1 Check Forecast and Monitor on the Water
It is important to check short-term and long-term local weather forecasts on
radio, TV or the Internet before
any boating trip. The weather forecast should always be taken into consideration
when preparing your trip plan. Avoid boating in heavy fog. Be particularly mindful
of hurricane warnings - never venture out on the water in a hurricane warning.
NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts on the following frequencies: Channel 1 - 162.000
MHz, Channel 2 - 162.475 MHz, Channel 3 - 162.500 MHz. NOAA radio updates weather
information such as: temperature, humidity, wave conditions, barometric pressure,
and wind speed and direction. NOAA uses the following language to describe
severe weather conditions:
But weather forecasts, particularly on the water, can change quickly. Therefore,
it is imperative to be able to anticipate and monitor
changing weather.
- Keep an eye to the sky: fog, dark clouds and lightning are obvious indications that
bad weather is approaching.
- Barometric readings: a rising barometer indicates fair weather while a falling barometer
indicates foul weather.
- Pay particular attention to shifts in wind direction and temperature - which both
indicate that weather is changing.
- Be mindful of the West - foul weather usually approaches out of the West; however
storms from the East tend to be more powerful.
- Be vigilant of other boaters' movements and monitor radio and weather channels frequently.
Ask for recommendations via radio if in unfamiliar waters.
3.1.2 Coping With Foul Weather
Preparation for a storm
- Ensure all passengers wear PFDs that are secured properly.
- Reduce speed and proceed with caution, keeping an eye on approaching boats and floating
debris.
- Close all hatches and ports to avoid swamping.
- All passengers should be low in the boat and near the centerline.
- Secure all loose items in the boat to avoid losing them overboard.
- Pump out bilges to keep boat high in the water.
- Head for the nearest safe shoreline.
- Check marine charts for the nearest shelter and note hazards.
When the Storm Hits
- If lightning is present: unplug all electrical equipment, keep low in the boat and
away from metal objects.
- Head the bow of the boat into waves at a 45 degree angle to keep the boat in the
most stable position.
- If engine stops, drop anchor from the bow to combat drifting and swamping.
3.2 Checking Local Hazards
Before boating in any new or unfamiliar waterways, boaters should secure local marine
charts. If local charts are unavailable, consulting with local boaters and marinas
is wise as these sources usually have a wealth of knowledge about local hazards
to avoid. Always consult with local authorities to obtain any local rules or restrictions
such as: motorized operation restrictions or hours of operation and access to locking
operations.
Local Hazards to be wary of:
- Whitewater areas can very easily drag a boat or person downstream, where rocks and debris as well as a very strong, rushing current are cause for concern.
- Hazardous inlets can produce abnormal currents or changes in water levels.
- Abnormal tides or currents may affect your ability to properly navigate or steer your vessel.
- Power-lines are especially hazardous for sailing vessels, or vessels with a mast. Always make sure your vessel has enough clearance to safely go underneath the lines. If you are unsure, don't chance it.
- Low seasonal waters - remember that local charts show an average in water level. Generally waters are higher in the spring, and lower through the summer.
- Obstructions such as bridges, channel openings, commercial fishing nets etc.
- Shoaling areas (marked and unmarked) - these areas become shallow gradually and are
often difficult to spot without local charts.
- Lowhead Dams pose a hazard both below and above the dam. Their drop creates a hydraulic 'hole' at the base of the dam that can trap objects, or people. Boaters should always be on the lookout for warning signs or
buoys indicating lowhead dams. Always portage around a dam. If you do get trapped in a hydraulic, tuck your chin down and hold your knees tight to your chest with your arms.
- Locks should always be approached at idle speed. One long blast followed by one short blast indicates intention to enter the lock. Military and commercial vessels have priority, so recreational boaters must wait for their turn. Stay clear of vessels entering/leaving the lock, and be mindful of barges and large craft
that can create dangerous current, drawing smaller vessels into their path. Once the lockmaster directs you into the lock, proceed with caution. Always wear your PFD and remain seated. Wait for the lockmaster's signal before leaving the lock at idle speed.
3.3 Filing a Float Plan
A Float Plan left with a responsible person is a wise decision for any boating trip
- but for longer trips in particular. It is advised that you fill out a Float Plan
similar to the sample below and leave it with a responsible family member, friend
or local marina before leaving the dock. A Float Plan left with a responsible person
could save your life should foul weather or an emergency situation arise. At the
very least - you should always let a responsible person know the approximate location
you plan to boat and when you expect to arrive home, so that they know an appropriate
date and time to contact authorities if an emergency situation arises.
| Float Plan |
- Step 1 - fill out applicable information for
EACH VOYAGE
- Step 2 - mariners are expected, and encouraged
to, file Float Plans with a responsible person
- Step 3 - close Float plan upon termination of
voyage
Owner's Name & Address ________________ Telephone Number ______________
_________________________________________________________________________
Vessel's Name & License Number ___________ Sail ______ Power
________
Size and Type ___________________________________________________________
Color _____________ Hull __________ Deck _________ Cabin ___________
Type of Engine ____________ Other Distinguishing Features ______________
Radio Channels Monitored: HF _______ VHF _______ MF ________
Satellite or Cellular Telephone Number _______________________
Safety Equipment on Board
Life Rafts ___________ Dinghy / Small Boat (inc color) ________________
Flares (Qty and type) _________ Lifejackets/PFDs (Qty) ________
Other ___________________________________________________________________
Search and Rescue Telephone Number ___________________________
Trip Details (include these details every trip)
Date of Departure ________________ Time of Departure ___________________
Leaving From _____________________ Heading To __________________________
Proposed Route ___________________ Est. Date/Time of Arrival ___________
Stop Over Point __________________ Number of Persons on Board __________
Passenger Allergies/Illnesses (if any) __________________________________
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3.4 Boat Preventive Maintenance
Proper maintenance of your boat can extend its useful life and also ensure you and
your passengers have an enjoyable and safe boating experience.
Engine
- Change oil at least once a season. Check manufacturer's recommendations for oil
changing.
- Inspect belts and hoses before every voyage and replace those that are worn or torn.
- Check fluid levels, oil levels and the condition of the battery before every voyage.
- Check for corrosion and oxidation and take preventive measures before they become
serious problems.
- Check and service transmissions and change fluids according to recommended schedule.
General Maintenance
- Always use marine parts - never automotive parts!
- Store vessels in dry place out of the sun.
- Check any through-hull fittings - like engine-cooling intakes. A leak or opening
could sink your boat if not attended properly.
- Keep the decks and hull cleaned and waxed for better fuel efficiency and longer
life.
- Electrical connections need to be cleaned and greased to prevent corrosion.
3.5 Transporting and Trailering
3.5.1 Safe Towing Preparation
It is imperative that you ensure the towing vehicle can handle the towing load and
has an appropriate trailer, hitch and safety chains. Trailers, like boats, have
capacity plates attached. Make sure your trailer has the capacity to carry your
boat AND motor, fuel and any additional gear on-board before you begin a road trip.
Pay particular attention to the Tongue Weight. A tongue that is too heavy will create
steering difficulties while a light tongue can result in fishtailing.
Match the trailer Class with the proper hitch. The coupler should never be smaller
than the size of the ball hitch. Always ensure that the hitch and ball are correct
and secure.
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Trailer Class
|
Towing Weight
|
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Class 1
|
not to exceed 2000 lbs
|
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Class 2
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2001 lbs to 3500 lbs
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Class 3
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3501 lbs to 5000 lbs
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Class 4
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over 5000 lbs
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3.5.2 Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)
Both your towing vehicle and trailer will have GAWR and GVWR guidelines for towing
and weight capacities in the owner's manuals. Never exceed 90% of the recommended
GAWR or GVWR. Consult with your dealer when buying any trailer or towing vehicle
to accurately meet your towing requirements.
3.5.3 Final Preparation
- Make sure boat is centered on trailer and fuel and gear is distributed evenly throughout
the boat; an uneven load can cause instability and makes steering and maneuvering
much more difficult.
- Tie down all loose items and equipment in the boat being towed.
- Criss-cross chains under the frame when attaching the trailer to
the towing vehicle. Make sure chains can support the weight of the entire load -
should the hitch break.
- Make sure trailer brake lights and directional lights are working so other drivers
will be notified of any stops, braking or turning.
- Check tire pressure and ensure lug nuts are tight and secure.
- Adjust side view mirrors as necessary to get a clear view of the trailer and any
traffic behind.
- Practice turning and backing up with the trailer attached. It takes some time to
get used to these maneuvers. Practicing will build confidence and competency.
- Tie down boat with additional straps to trailer frame.
3.5.4 Road Handling
Driving with a cumbersome load will require some special considerations on the road.
First, the load will make the towing vehicle less responsive. As a result, it is
advisable to reduce your speed and give vehicles in front more room, and thus time
to maneuver and react. Remember, you have another vehicle attached behind - take
corners more slowly and widely to get the trailer around safely.
3.5.5 Launching a Boat
- Prepare for launch: Prepare the boat away from the launch so as not to block any
boaters that are waiting to launch or retrieving their boat. (Preparation may involve:
removing all tie-downs except the winch line, loading additional supplies and equipment
into boat, inserting the drain plug if not already done, disconnecting
trailer brake lights - to prevent burnt bulbs, remove the motor travel supports
if applicable, and put the trim up - to prevent hitting the prop when launching,
insert the key in the ignition to start the engine if applicable.
- Attach a bow line to steady the boat upon release, may not be required if two persons
are launching the boat, and one is in the boat.
- Back into the water far enough so that the lower unit cooling water intake holes
are submerged. (NOTE: use parking brake on towing vehicle at this point and do not
allow the tow vehicle's wheels in the water unless necessary)
- Release the winch line and slowly reverse the boat off the trailer.
- Secure the boat to the dock and promptly move the tow vehicle and trailer away from
the launch so as to not block any boaters waiting to launch or retrieve their boat.
3.5.6 Retrieving a Boat
If the ramp is steep, ensure someone 'spots' for you before you drive up the ramp.
Be aware of pedestrians and other boats.
- Proper Etiquette: Unload fuel and equipment away from the ramp if possible and feasible.
Prepare truck and trailer for retrieval and wait for your turn.
- Back the trailer into the water until two-thirds of the bunks or rollers are submerged.
(Make sure the towing vehicles' wheels stay short of the water unless necessary)
- Attach a bow line to steady the retrieval.
- Maneuver the boat close enough or drive it onto the trailer to attach the winch
line.
- Shut off the engine and trim or raise the outboard or stern drive.
- Pull the boat up the trailer by cranking the winch line. Stay out of the direct path of the winch line, in case it should break.
- After retrieving the boat, pull the trailer out of the water and well away from
the boat ramp; out of the way of others.
- Begin your preparation for the road once more, remembering to remove the drain plug
and pump or drain any water out of the bilge first, and drain the live-wells or
bait-wells if applicable.
3.6 Fueling Procedures
Gasoline and its vapors are a major cause of marine fires. Therefore, boaters must
take care when fueling to avoid spills and the spread of gasoline vapors. Gasoline
fumes are most likely to accumulate in the bilge.
- Secure the boat to the fueling dock and turn off the engine.
- Unload all passengers prior to fuelling.
- Unload portable tanks prior to fuelling them.
- No smoking or flames should be present.
- Turn off all electrical equipment that can throw a spark prior to fuelling.
- Close all doors, windows and hatches before commencing fueling.
- Open all doors, windows and hatches immediately after fueling to allow air to circulate through the vessel.
- Hold nozzle firmly against fill pipe opening to ground any static buildup.
- Never fully fill a tank , always leave room for gas to expand and
avoid overflow. (Ensure air vents/valves to gas tank are open.)
- Put the gas cap on tightly after fueling to avoid vapor escape. Always wipe away
any spills or leakage immediately with a rag.
- Before starting the engine again, it is advisable to sniff for fumes that may have
escaped. Turn on the blower for FOUR minutes on inboard gasoline
engines to remove any fumes before starting the engine again.
- Place portable tanks filled with fuel in well ventilated areas away from the engine
and electrical equipment on-board.
3.6.1 Fuel Conservation
The following are tips to conserve fuel for better mileage and to reduce the environmental
impact that gasoline can have on marine life.
- Make sure the engine is adequate for the size and weight of the boat and keep the
engine in good shape with regular maintenance and replace sparkplugs regularly.
- Use the correct propeller and regularly check for damage
- Drain all water from the bilge before leaving the dock and keep the hull clean to
reduce friction. Use a bailing can or a portable bilge pump on smaller boats.
- Distribute equipment, fuel and passengers evenly throughout the boat and do not
overload
- Shut the engine off when stopped or docked
- Plane smoothly and evenly at take-off, then throttle back to cruising speed
3.7 Pre-Departure Checklist & Passenger Communication
No two boating trips will mirror one another; every experience is different. It
is important not to take any boating trip lightly. In addition, not every boater
has the same comfort level or experience on the water. Accidents occur when proper
precautions are overlooked. A pre-departure checklist should be used before each
trip - regardless of length. The checklist is easy to review and will also ensure
new passengers are informed and comfortable.
Chapter Summary
Upon completion of reading Chapter 3, you should have knowledge of:
- Why checking the forecast during trip preparation and monitoring the weather while
out on the water is important as well as the different terminology used by the NOAA
- How to prepare for foul weather and what to do when a storm hits
- Local hazards to be informed of and how to check for them
- A Float Plan
- Proper engine and general boat maintenance
- Trailer classes and proper towing and trailoring methods and regulations as well
as how to launch and retrieve a boat
- Fueling procedures
- A Pre-Departure Checklist.
Tennessee Safe Boating Course