Alaska Safe Boating Course

CHAPTER 3: Trip Planning and Preparation

3.1 CHECKING LOCAL WEATHER/WATER CONDITIONS

3.1.1 CHECK FORECAST AND MONITOR IT WHILE ON THE WATER

It is important to check short-term and long-term local weather forecasts on radio, TV or the Internet before any boating trip. You should always take the weather forecast into consideration when preparing your trip plan. Avoid boating in heavy fog. Be particularly mindful of hurricane warnings—never venture out on the water during a hurricane warning.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio broadcasts on the following frequencies:

NOAA radio updates weather information such as temperature, humidity, wave conditions, barometric pressure, and wind speed and direction.

NOAA uses the following language to describe severe weather conditions:

Small Craft Advisory

Observed or forecast winds of 18-33 knots

Gale Warning

Observed or forecast winds of 34-47 knots

Storm Warning

Observed or forecast winds of 48 knots or greater

Hurricane Warning

Observed or forecast winds of 64 knots or greater

Weather forecasts, particularly on the water, can change quickly. Therefore, you need to be able to anticipate and monitor changing weather.

• Keep an eye to the sky: fog, dark clouds and lightning are obvious indications that bad weather is approaching.
• Barometric readings: a rising barometer indicates fair weather, while a falling barometer indicates foul weather.
• Pay particular attention to shifts in wind direction and temperature, which both indicate that weather is changing.
• Be mindful of the west: foul weather usually approaches out of the west (though storms from the east tend to be more powerful).
• Be vigilant of other boaters' movements, and monitor radio and weather channels frequently. Ask for recommendations via radio if you are in unfamiliar waters.

3.1.2 COPING WITH FOUL WEATHER

PREPARATION FOR A STORM

• Ensure that all passengers are wearing PFDs that are secured properly.
• Reduce speed and proceed with caution, keeping an eye on approaching boats and floating debris.
• Close all hatches and ports to avoid swamping.
• All passengers should be low in the boat and near the centerline.
• Secure all loose items in the boat to avoid losing them overboard.
• Pump out bilges to keep the boat high in the water.
• Head for the nearest safe shoreline.
• Check marine charts for the nearest shelter, and note hazards.

WHEN THE STORM HITS

• If lightning is present: unplug all electrical equipment; keep low in the boat and away from metal objects.
• Head the bow of the boat into waves at a 45-degree angle to keep the boat in the most stable position.
• If the engine stops, drop the anchor from the bow to combat drifting and swamping.

IF STORMY WEATHER IS APPROACHING THE BOAT OPERATOR'S FIRST RESPONSIBILITIES ARE TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERYONE ONBOARD IS WEARING THEIR U.S. COAST GUARD APPROVED PFD AND TO GET OFF THE WATER AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.

3.2 CHECKING LOCAL HAZARDS

Before boating in any new or unfamiliar waterways, obtain local marine charts. If local charts are unavailable, consulting with local boaters and marinas is wise, as these sources usually have a wealth of knowledge about local hazards to avoid. Always consult with local authorities to obtain any local rules or restrictions, such as motorized operation restrictions or hours of operation and access to locking operations.

LOCAL HAZARDS TO BE WARY OF

• Whitewater areas can very easily drag a boat or person downstream, where rocks and debris as well as a very strong, rushing current are cause for concern.
• Shoaling areas (marked and unmarked), these areas become shallow gradually and are often difficult to spot without local charts.
• Hazardous inlets can produce abnormal currents or changes in water levels.
• Abnormal tides or currents may affect your ability to properly navigate or steer your vessel.
• Lowhead Dams pose a hazard both below and above the dam. Their drop creates a hydraulic 'hole' at the base of the dam that can trap objects, or people. Boaters should always be on the lookout for warning signs or buoys indicating lowhead dams. Always portage around a dam. If you do get trapped in a hydraulic, tuck your chin down and hold your knees tight to your chest with your arms.

• Locks should always be approached at idle speed. One long blast followed by one short blast indicates intention to enter the lock. Military and commercial vessels have priority, so recreational boaters must wait for their turn. Stay clear of vessels entering/leaving the lock, and be mindful of barges and large craft that can create dangerous current, drawing smaller vessels into their path. Once the lockmaster directs you into the lock, proceed with caution. Always wear your PFD and remain seated. Wait for the lockmaster's signal before leaving the lock at idle speed.

• Power-lines are especially hazardous for sailing vessels, or vessels with a mast. Always make sure your vessel has enough clearance to safely go underneath the lines. If you are unsure, don't chance it.
• Low seasonal waters- remember that local charts show an average in water level. Generally waters are higher in the spring, and lower through the summer.
• Obstructions such as bridges, channel openings, commercial fishing nets etc.

LOW-HEAD DAMS ARE DIFFICULT TO DETECT DOWNSTREAM.

3.3 FILING A FLOAT PLAN

A float plan left with a responsible person is a wise decision for any boating trip—but for longer trips in particular. It is advised that you fill out a float plan similar to the sample provided here and leave it with a responsible family member, friend or local marina before leaving the dock. This could save your life should foul weather or an emergency situation arise. At the very least, you should always let a responsible person know the approximate location you plan to boat and when you expect to arrive home, so that they know an appropriate date and time to contact authorities if an emergency situation arises.

CONTACT A FRIEND OR FAMILY MEMBER AND LET THEM KNOW WHAT YOUR PLANS ARE BY FILLING OUT A FLOAT PLAN

3.4 BOAT PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Proper maintenance of your boat can extend its useful life and also help ensure that you and your passengers have an enjoyable and safe boating experience.

ENGINE

• Change oil at least once every season. Check manufacturer's recommendations for oil changing.
• Inspect belts and hoses before every voyage, and replace those that are worn or torn.
• Check for corrosion and oxidation, and take preventive measures before they become serious problems.
• Check and service transmissions, and change fluids according to the recommended schedule.

GENERAL MAINTENANCE

• Always use marine parts—never automotive parts!
• Store vessels in a dry place out of the sun.
• Check any through-hull fittings, such as engine-cooling intakes. A leak or opening could sink your boat if not attended to properly.
• Keep the decks and hull cleaned and waxed for better fuel efficiency and longer life.
• Clean and grease electrical connections to prevent corrosion.

3.5 TRANSPORTING AND TRAILERING

3.5.1 SAFE TOWING PREPARATION

You must ensure that the towing vehicle can handle the towing load and has an appropriate trailer, hitch and safety chains. Trailers, like boats, have capacity plates attached. Make sure your trailer has the capacity to carry your boat AND motor, fuel and any additional gear on board before you begin a road trip. Pay particular attention to the tongue weight. Also don't forget to check the tire pressure and always be sure to have a spare in case of an emergency.

A tongue that is too heavy will create steering difficulties, while a light tongue can result in fishtailing.

MATCH THE TRAILER CLASS WITH THE PROPER HITCH

MAKE SURE YOUR TRAILER HAS THE CAPACITY TO CARRY YOUR BOAT AND MOTOR, FUEL AND ADDITIONAL GEAR ONBOARD.

3.5.2 GROSS AXLE WEIGHT RATING (GAWR) AND GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING (GVWR)

Both your towing vehicle and trailer will have GAWR and GVWR guidelines for towing and weight capacities. You can find these by looking in the owner's manuals. Never exceed 90% of the recommended GAWR or GVWR. To accurately meet your towing requirements consult with your dealer when buying any trailer or towing vehicle.

3.5.3 FINAL PREPARATION

• Make sure the boat is centered on the trailer and fuel and gear is distributed evenly throughout the boat; an uneven load can cause instability and makes steering and maneuvering much more difficult.
• Tie down all loose items and equipment in the boat.
• Criss-cross chains under the frame when attaching the trailer to the towing vehicle.
• Make sure chains can support the weight of the entire load should the hitch break.
• Make sure trailer brake lights and directional lights are working so other drivers will be notified of any stops, braking or turning.
• Check tire pressure and ensure lug nuts are tight and secure.
• Adjust side-view mirrors as necessary to get a clear view of the trailer and any traffic behind.
• Practice turning and backing up with the trailer attached. It takes some time to get used to these maneuvers. Practicing will build confidence and competency.
• Tie the boat to the trailer frame with additional straps.

3.5.4 ROAD HANDLING

Driving with a cumbersome load will require some special considerations on the road. First, the load will make the towing vehicle less responsive. As a result, you are advised to reduce your speed and give vehicles in front more room.

This will give you more time to maneuver and react. Remember, you have another vehicle attached behind—take corners more slowly and widely to get the trailer around safely.

SLOW DOWN AND MAKE SAFE WIDE TURNS.

3.5.5 LAUNCHING A BOAT

• Prepare for launch: Prepare the boat away from the launch so you will not block any boaters who are waiting to launch or retrieve their boat. Preparation may involve removing all tie-downs except the winch line, loading additional supplies and equipment into the boat, inserting the drain plug if not already done, disconnecting trailer brake lights so you don't burn out the bulbs, removing the motor travel supports if applicable, and putting the trim up to prevent hitting the prop when launching.

• Attach a bow line to steady the boat upon release. This may not be required if two persons are launching the boat, and one is in the boat.

• Release the winch line and slowly reverse the boat off the trailer.
• Secure the boat to the dock, and then promptly move the tow vehicle and trailer away from the launch to avoid keeping other boaters from waiting.
• If you anticipate problems with your boat engine, start the engine and let it warm up while the boat is still attached to the winch line. It is much easier to retrieve the boat when it is still on the trailer.
• Back into the water far enough that the lower unit cooling water intake holes are submerged. (NOTE: use the parking brake on the towing vehicle at this point, and do not allow the tow vehicle's wheels in the water unless necessary.)

PREPARE YOUR BOAT AWAY FROM THE RAMP AREA TO AVOID CREATING UNNECESSARY DELAYS AT THE LAUNCH AREA.

3.5.6 RETRIEVING A BOAT

IF THE RAMP IS STEEP, ENSURE SOMEONE "SPOTS" FOR YOU AS YOU DRIVE UP THE RAMP. BE AWARE OF PEDESTRIANS AND OTHER BOATS.

• Proper etiquette: Unload fuel and equipment away from the ramp, if possible. Prepare vehicle and trailer for retrieval, and wait your turn.

• Back the trailer into the water until two-thirds of the bunks or rollers are submerged. (Make sure the towing vehicles' wheels stay out of the water, if possible.)
• Attach a bow line to steady the retrieval.
• Maneuver the boat close to, or drive it onto, the trailer and attach the winch line.
• Shut off the engine, and trim or raise the outboard or stern drive.
• Pull the boat completely onto the trailer by cranking the winch line. Stay out of the direct path of the winch line, in case is should break.
• After retrieving the boat, pull the trailer out of the water and well away from the boat ramp, out of the way of others.
• Begin your preparation for the road once more, remembering to remove the drain plug and pump or drain any water out of the bilge first, and drain the live wells or bait wells, if applicable.
• Be sure to rinse off any aquatic nuisance species if present before you leave the water way.

UNLOAD FUEL AND EQUIPMENT AWAY FROM THE RAMP WHENEVER POSSIBLE.

3.6 FUELING PROCEDURES

GASOLINE AND ITS VAPORS ARE A MAJOR CAUSE OF MARINE FIRES. THEREFORE, BOATERS MUST TAKE CARE WHEN FUELING TO AVOID SPILLS AND THE SPREAD OF GASOLINE VAPORS. GASOLINE FUMES ARE MOST LIKELY TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BILGE.

• Secure the boat to the fueling dock and turn off the engine.
• Unload portable tanks and all passengers prior to fueling these portable tanks.
• No smoking or flames should be present.
• Close all doors, windows and hatches prior to fueling. However, open all doors, windows and hatches immediately after fueling to allow air circulation.
• Hold the nozzle firmly against fill pipe opening; this will ground any static buildup.
• Never fully fill a tank (not beyond 90%); always leave room for gas to expand and thus avoid overflow. Ensure air vents/valves to gas tank are open.
• Put the gas cap on tightly after fueling to avoid vapor escape. Immediately wipe away any spills or leakage with a rag.
• Before starting the engine again, you should sniff for fumes that may have escaped. Turn on the blower for FOUR minutes on inboard gasoline engines to remove any fumes before starting the engine again.
• Place portable tanks filled with fuel in well ventilated areas away from the engine and electrical equipment on board.

3.6.1 FUEL CONSERVATION

THE FOLLOWING ARE TIPS TO CONSERVE FUEL FOR BETTER MILEAGE AND TO REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT THAT GASOLINE CAN HAVE ON MARINE LIFE.

• Distribute equipment, fuel and passengers evenly throughout the boat, and do not overload the boat.
• Make sure the engine is adequate for the size and weight of the boat. Keep the engine in good shape with regular maintenance, and replace spark plugs regularly.
• Use the correct propeller, and regularly check it for damage.
• Drain all water from the bilge before leaving the dock, and keep the hull clean to reduce friction. Use a bailing can or a portable bilge on smaller boats.
• Shut the engine off when the boat is stopped or docked.
• Plane smoothly and evenly at take-off, then throttle back to cruising speed.
• Read the engine owner's manual for more details.

KEEP THE BILGE CLEAN AND FREE OF TRASH TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE.

3.7 PRE-DEPARTURE CHECKLIST AND PASSENGER COMMUNICATION

No two boating trips are the same; every experience is different. It is important not to take any boating trip lightly. In addition, not every boater has the same comfort level or experience on the water. Accidents occur when proper precautions are overlooked. You should use a pre-departure checklist before each trip, regardless of its length. The checklist is easy to review, and it will also ensure new passengers are informed and comfortable.

PRE-DEPARTURE CHECKLIST

Personal Floatation Devices (life jackets)

• At least one U.S. Coast Guard–approved PFD per passenger, and a minimum of two PFDs total
• A throwable device for boats longer than 16 feet
• Inform all passengers where the PFDs are located and make sure children onboard are wearing their PFDs

Sound-producing devices

• Horn, whistle or bell present (at least two)
• If a portable air horn, have a spare can of compressed air

Lights

• All required navigation lights
• Check instrument lights
• Flashlight

Distress Signals

• Flares: stored in an accessible, dry location
• Inform all passengers of signal location and use

Docking and Anchoring

• At least one anchor attached to the anchor line
• Two or three extra dock lines
• Inspect dock and anchor lines for wear and tear; replace if frayed
• Two fenders for docking

Documentation

• Keep registration, radio license, fishing permit, Boater Education Card on board
• Keep local charts on hand for quick reference

Fire Extinguishers

• U.S. Coast Guard–approved fire extinguisher stored in an accessible place
• Ensure mounts are secure
• Inform all passengers of fire extinguisher location(s)

Tools and Spares

• Basic toolbox
• Spares aboard: fuel filter, light bulbs, etc.

Emergency Boat Operation

• Inform all passengers of procedures for stormy weather or falls overboard
• Know how to operate the radio
• First aid kit (on board and accessible)

Fuel and Oil

• Make sure tanks are full
• Check the engine oil and coolant levels

Ventilation

• On powered vessels, ensure interior spaces are well ventilated
• Run blower before starting the engine if fumes are present
• If fumes are present after blowing, look for a leak or spill

Battery Care

• Make sure all powered equipment is working
• Have spare batteries for accessories (handheld radio, flashlight, etc.)
• Make sure batteries are charged

Weather Forecast

• Did you check the weather forecast?
• Have a handheld radio to monitor weather

Bilges

• Make sure bilge is dry and pump is functional
• Clean bilge of any spills or waste

Float Plan

• File a float plan with passengers and boat information with a friend or reliable party

CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY

AFTER READING CHAPTER 3, YOU SHOULD HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF:

• Why you should check the weather forecast during trip preparation and monitor the weather while out on the water
• Severe-weather terminology used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• How to prepare for foul weather, and what to do when a storm hits
• Local hazards to be informed of, and how to check for them
• A float plan
• Proper engine and general boat maintenance
• Trailer classes, proper towing and trailering methods and regulations
• How to launch and retrieve a boat
• Fueling procedures
• A pre-departure checklist.

Alaska Safe Boating Course